Ch 7 covers the classification of living organisms using Whittaker's five-kingdom system. Students learn the hierarchy of classification and the distinguishing features of each kingdom.
Monera: prokaryotic (bacteria, blue-green algae). Protista: unicellular eukaryotes (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena). Fungi: eukaryotic, cell wall of chitin, absorb food (mushrooms, yeast, moulds). Plantae: multicellular, cell wall of cellulose, photosynthesis. Animalia: multicellular, no cell wall, heterotrophic, most can move.
Plantae: Thallophyta (algae) → Bryophyta (mosses) → Pteridophyta (ferns) → Gymnosperms (pines, no fruit) → Angiosperms (flowering, with fruit). Animalia: Porifera → Coelenterata → Platyhelminthes → Nematoda → Annelida → Arthropoda → Mollusca → Echinodermata → Protochordata → Vertebrata/Chordata.
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iesc107.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iesc1ps.zip
Classification helps us organise the enormous diversity of living organisms, understand evolutionary relationships, identify new species, and study organisms systematically. It creates a common scientific language understood worldwide.
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