Ch 8 covers motion quantitatively. Students learn the difference between distance and displacement, speed and velocity, and derive the three equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion.
Distance: total path length (scalar, always positive). Displacement: shortest distance between start and end (vector, can be zero). Speed = distance/time. Velocity = displacement/time (has direction). Average speed = total distance/total time.
Acceleration = (final velocity − initial velocity) / time = (v − u)/t. Three equations for uniform acceleration: (1) v = u + at, (2) s = ut + ½at², (3) v² = u² + 2as. Where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacement, t = time.
Distance-time graph: slope = speed. Velocity-time graph: slope = acceleration, area under curve = displacement. Uniform velocity → horizontal line. Uniform acceleration → straight line with positive slope.
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iesc108.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iesc1ps.zip
Yes. If you walk from home to school and back home, the total distance is twice the distance to school, but the displacement is zero (you ended up where you started). Displacement is the shortest path between start and end points.
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