Ch 11 covers how substances are transported in animals (circulatory system) and plants (xylem and phloem). Students learn about blood, heart, arteries, veins, and the role of transpiration.
Blood: plasma (liquid) + RBC (carry O₂) + WBC (fight infection) + platelets (clotting). Heart: 4-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart; veins carry deoxygenated blood back. Capillaries connect arteries to veins at organs.
Xylem: transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves (upward only). Phloem: transports food (made in leaves) to all parts of the plant (both directions). Transpiration (water evaporation from leaves) creates a pull that helps water rise through xylem.
Removal of waste from the body. In humans: kidneys filter blood and produce urine (containing urea). Urine stored in bladder and excreted. Plants: excess water lost via transpiration; waste stored in leaves (shed), bark, or vacuoles.
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/gesc111.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/gesc1ps.zip
Arteries carry blood pumped at high pressure from the heart. Thick, elastic walls help arteries withstand this pressure without bursting. Veins carry blood at lower pressure and have thinner walls with valves to prevent backflow.
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