Ch 12 covers how plants reproduce — both asexually (without seeds) and sexually (through flowers). Students learn about budding, spore formation, vegetative propagation, pollination, and fertilisation.
Budding: new plant grows as a bud on parent (yeast). Fragmentation: plant breaks into fragments, each grows (Spirogyra). Spore formation: tiny spores develop into new plants (fern, moss, bread mould). Vegetative propagation: stem/root/leaf gives new plant (potato eyes, bryophyllum leaf).
Flower is the reproductive organ. Stamen (male) produces pollen grains. Pistil (female) contains ovary with ovules. Pollination: transfer of pollen to stigma (self or cross). After pollination, pollen tube grows → fertilisation (male + female cells fuse) → zygote → seed. Ovary → fruit.
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/gesc112.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/gesc1ps.zip
Seed dispersal is the spreading of seeds away from the parent plant by wind, water, animals, or explosion (bursting). It prevents overcrowding, reduces competition for sunlight and water, and helps plants colonise new areas.
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