Ch 12 introduces electricity through cells and simple circuits. Students learn about electric cells, how a bulb works, conductors and insulators, and how to make a simple circuit with a switch.
An electric cell has two terminals: positive (+) and negative (−). A simple circuit connects the cell to a bulb using wires. Current flows in a closed circuit (complete path). An open circuit (broken path) stops current flow.
Conductors allow electric current to pass through them — most metals (copper, iron, aluminium). Insulators do not allow current — rubber, plastic, wood, glass. Electric wires have a metal core (conductor) covered in plastic (insulator).
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/fesc112.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/fesc1ps.zip
When current flows through the thin filament inside the bulb, the filament resists the flow and gets very hot — hot enough to glow and produce light. If the circuit is broken (open), no current flows and the bulb does not glow.
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