Ch 14 introduces theoretical (classical) probability based on equally likely outcomes. Students solve problems involving coins, dice, cards, and real-world scenarios using the fundamental probability formula.
P(E) = number of outcomes favourable to E / total number of equally likely outcomes. For a fair die: P(even) = 3/6 = 1/2. For a deck of 52 cards: P(ace) = 4/52 = 1/13.
The complement of event E is "not E" (denoted Ē). P(E) + P(Ē) = 1. This is useful when P(Ē) is easier to calculate: e.g., P(at least one head in 3 tosses) = 1 − P(no heads) = 1 − 1/8 = 7/8.
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Experimental probability is based on actual trials: outcomes observed ÷ trials performed. Theoretical probability is based on reasoning about equally likely outcomes without conducting experiments. As trials increase, experimental probability approaches theoretical probability.
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