Ch 5 extends data handling to pie charts and histograms, and deepens the understanding of probability. Students learn to represent and interpret grouped and ungrouped data using different charts.
A pie chart represents data as sectors of a circle. Each sector's central angle = (value/total) × 360°. Pie charts are effective for showing proportions and composition of a whole.
Histograms represent continuous grouped data using bars with no gaps. Each bar's width represents a class interval and height represents frequency. Unlike bar graphs, histograms are for continuous data.
Experimental probability = number of favourable trials ÷ total trials. Theoretical probability = favourable outcomes ÷ total possible outcomes. Probability values range from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/hemh105.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/hemh1ps.zip
Bar graphs represent discrete/categorical data with gaps between bars. Histograms represent continuous grouped data with no gaps — adjacent bars touch because intervals are continuous.
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