Statistics and Probability covers data handling — collecting, representing, and analysing data — plus probability theory including tree diagrams, Venn diagrams, and conditional probability.
Mean from frequency table: Σfx / Σf. Estimated mean for grouped data (use midpoints). Median: middle value (n/2 for grouped). Mode: most frequent. Range: max − min. Cumulative frequency curve: read off median, Q1, Q3, IQR. Box plot: min, Q1, median, Q3, max. Histograms: frequency density = frequency / class width. Scatter graphs: positive/negative/no correlation. Line of best fit for estimation.
P(event) = favourable outcomes / total. P(not A) = 1 − P(A). Combined events: AND = multiply (independent), OR = add (mutually exclusive). Tree diagrams: multiply along branches, add between branches. Without replacement: probabilities change. Venn diagrams: intersection (∩), union (∪). Conditional probability: P(A|B) = P(A∩B) / P(B). Expected frequency = probability × number of trials.
Bar charts display categorical data — bars are separated (gaps between them), and the height represents frequency. The width of bars has no meaning. Histograms display continuous grouped numerical data — bars are adjacent (no gaps, representing continuous data), and the area of each bar represents frequency (not the height). The y-axis shows frequency density = frequency ÷ class width. If class widths are equal, height is proportional to frequency. If class widths vary, you MUST use frequency density for an accurate representation. This distinction is critical on the Edexcel exam.
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