Ch 15 covers improving food production to feed the growing population. Students learn about crop improvement (better varieties), crop management (nutrients, irrigation, pest control), and animal husbandry.
Crop variety improvement: through hybridisation (crossing varieties), genetic modification — for higher yield, disease resistance, quality. Crop production management: nutrients (manure + fertilisers), irrigation (drip, sprinkler), cropping patterns (mixed, intercropping, rotation). Crop protection: from weeds (manual/chemical), pests (pesticides/bio-agents), diseases (fungicides).
Cattle farming: for milk (dairy) and labour (draught). Poultry: for eggs and meat. Proper shelter, feed, cleanliness, and vaccination prevent disease. Fish production: capture fishing (ocean/river) and culture fishing (ponds — composite fish culture). Bee keeping (apiculture): local varieties like Apis cerana indica, Italian variety Apis mellifera for higher yield.
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iesc115.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iesc1ps.zip
Manure is organic (made from decomposed plant/animal waste), improves soil structure, is bulky and less concentrated. Fertiliser is chemical (factory-made like urea, DAP), provides specific nutrients (N, P, K), is concentrated but may deplete soil health over time. Best approach: use both together.
Book a Trial + Diagnostic session. Get a personalized Learning Path with clear milestones, tutor match, and a plan recommendation — all within 24 hours.
Book Trial + Diagnostic →