Ch 3 introduces the Cartesian coordinate system. Students learn to represent points as ordered pairs (x, y), identify quadrants, and understand the relationship between algebra and geometry through the coordinate plane.
The Cartesian plane consists of two perpendicular number lines: the x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical), intersecting at the origin O(0,0). They divide the plane into four quadrants: Q-I (+,+), Q-II (−,+), Q-III (−,−), Q-IV (+,−).
Every point in the plane is uniquely identified by an ordered pair (x, y). x is the abscissa (horizontal distance from y-axis) and y is the ordinate (vertical distance from x-axis). Points on the x-axis have y = 0; points on y-axis have x = 0.
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iemh103.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iemh1ps.zip
For a point (x, y): the abscissa is the x-coordinate (horizontal distance from the y-axis), and the ordinate is the y-coordinate (vertical distance from the x-axis).
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