Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. CBSE introduced AI as a subject from Class 9. This topic covers what AI is, its history, domains, and how it compares to human intelligence.
AI: machines that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence — learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding. Brief history: 1950 — Alan Turing proposes "can machines think?" (Turing Test). 1956 — term "Artificial Intelligence" coined at Dartmouth Conference. 1997 — Deep Blue beats chess champion. 2011 — Siri launched. 2016 — AlphaGo beats Go champion. 2022 — ChatGPT. AI types: Narrow AI (one task — what we have today), General AI (human-level — hypothetical), Super AI (beyond human — theoretical).
Natural Language Processing (NLP): understanding and generating human language — chatbots, translation, sentiment analysis. Computer Vision (CV): interpreting images and videos — face recognition, medical imaging, self-driving car perception. Robotics: AI-powered physical machines — manufacturing robots, surgical robots, drones. Expert Systems: mimic human expert decision-making in specific domains — medical diagnosis, legal analysis. Machine Learning: algorithms that improve through experience (data) — recommendations, predictions. Speech Recognition: converting spoken language to text — Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant.
They are nested concepts: AI is the broadest — any technique that enables machines to mimic human intelligence. Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of AI — algorithms that learn from data without explicit programming. Deep Learning (DL) is a subset of ML — uses neural networks with many layers to learn complex patterns (image recognition, language models). Think: AI (all intelligent machines) ⊃ ML (learn from data) ⊃ DL (neural networks). Not all AI is ML, and not all ML is DL.
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