Ch 4 covers reproductive health — family planning, contraceptive methods (natural, barrier, chemical, hormonal, surgical), sexually transmitted diseases, infertility treatments, and assisted reproductive technologies.
Natural: periodic abstinence (rhythm), withdrawal, lactational amenorrhoea. Barrier: male/female condoms, diaphragm. IUDs: Cu-T (Cu ions are spermicidal), LNG-20 (hormone-releasing). Hormonal: oral pills (progesterone + oestrogen suppress ovulation), Saheli (centchroman — non-steroidal). Surgical: vasectomy (male), tubectomy (female).
STDs: gonorrhoea (Neisseria), syphilis (Treponema), genital herpes (HSV), hepatitis B (HBV), HIV/AIDS. Prevention: safe practices, condoms. Infertility treatments (ART): IVF (in vitro fertilisation — test tube baby), ZIFT (zygote intra-fallopian transfer), GIFT (gamete intra-fallopian transfer), ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection), AI (artificial insemination).
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lebo104.pdf | Complete book: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lebo1ps.zip
In IVF, fertilisation occurs outside the body (in vitro), and the embryo is transferred to the uterus or fallopian tube (ZIFT if zygote/early embryo to fallopian tube). In GIFT, an ovum collected from a donor is transferred with sperms into the fallopian tube of the woman who cannot produce ova — fertilisation occurs inside the body. GIFT requires at least one functional fallopian tube.
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