Ch 9 covers coordination compounds — Werner's theory, IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism, valence bond theory (VBT), crystal field theory (CFT), and applications of coordination compounds.
Coordination compound: central metal atom/ion bonded to ligands. Coordination number = number of donor atoms bonded to metal. Werner: primary valency (oxidation state) and secondary valency (coordination number). IUPAC naming: ligands (alphabetical) + metal + oxidation state.
Geometrical (cis-trans), optical (mirror images), linkage (SCN⁻ vs NCS⁻), ionisation, coordination. VBT: central metal hybridises (sp³ → tetrahedral, dsp² → square planar, d²sp³ → octahedral). CFT: d-orbitals split in ligand field. Δo > Δt. Strong-field ligands (CN⁻, CO) → low spin; weak-field (I⁻, Br⁻) → high spin. Spectrochemical series: I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < H₂O < NH₃ < en < NO₂⁻ < CN⁻ < CO.
Download: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lech109.pdf | Part I: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lech1ps.zip
It arranges ligands by their ability to cause d-orbital splitting. Strong-field ligands (CN⁻, CO, NO₂⁻) cause large splitting (Δ) and form low-spin complexes. Weak-field ligands (I⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻) cause small splitting and form high-spin complexes. The order is: I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < H₂O < NH₃ < en < NO₂⁻ < CN⁻ < CO.
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