Ch 10 covers computer networking fundamentals — types, topologies, devices, protocols, addressing, and web technologies that power the internet.
Types by size: PAN (personal — Bluetooth), LAN (local — school/office, Ethernet/Wi-Fi), MAN (metro — city, cable TV network), WAN (wide — internet, leased lines). Topologies: Star (central hub, easy maintenance, single point of failure), Bus (single backbone, cheap, collision prone), Ring (circular, token passing), Mesh (every device connected, most reliable, expensive), Tree (hierarchical, scalable). Devices: Hub (broadcast), Switch (intelligent forwarding), Router (inter-network routing), Gateway (protocol conversion), Modem (modulation/demodulation), Repeater (signal amplification).
TCP/IP model: 4 layers — Application (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS), Transport (TCP — reliable; UDP — fast), Internet (IP — routing, addressing), Network Access (Ethernet, Wi-Fi). IP addressing: IPv4 — 32 bits, dotted decimal (192.168.1.1), ~4.3 billion addresses. IPv6 — 128 bits, hexadecimal (2001:db8::1), virtually unlimited. IP classes: A (1-126), B (128-191), C (192-223). DNS: translates domain names to IP. URL: protocol://domain:port/path. HTTP: request-response protocol for web. HTTPS: HTTP + TLS/SSL encryption. Website: static (HTML files) vs dynamic (server-side processing).
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): connection-oriented, reliable delivery, error checking, ordered packets, slower due to overhead. Used for: web pages (HTTP), email (SMTP), file transfer (FTP). UDP (User Datagram Protocol): connectionless, no guarantee of delivery, no ordering, faster (minimal overhead). Used for: video streaming, online gaming, VoIP, DNS queries. Analogy: TCP is like registered post (confirmed delivery); UDP is like regular mail (faster but no confirmation). Choose TCP when data integrity matters; UDP when speed matters and some loss is tolerable.
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