Ch 11 examines the broader societal impact of technology — digital footprints, data protection, net neutrality, intellectual property, e-waste, ethical concerns, gender issues, and Indian cyber laws.
Digital footprint: trail of data you leave online. Active: intentional posts, comments, uploads. Passive: tracking cookies, IP logs, browsing history. Managing your footprint: review privacy settings, think before posting, use strong/unique passwords, enable 2FA. Data protection: right to privacy. GDPR (EU): consent required for data collection, right to erasure. India: Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act 2023 — consent, data minimisation, right to correction and erasure. IP: copyright (automatic, creative works), patent (inventions, must apply), trademark (brand identity). Creative Commons: flexible sharing with conditions.
E-waste: discarded electronic devices. Hazards: lead, mercury, cadmium — soil/water contamination. Management: reduce, reuse, recycle through certified e-waste recyclers. India: E-Waste Management Rules 2016. Net neutrality: all internet traffic treated equally — ISPs cannot block or slow specific sites/services. TRAI (India) supports net neutrality. Gender issues: women underrepresented in tech (< 25% globally). Digital divide, access barriers. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS): source code available, can be modified (Linux, Python, Firefox, LibreOffice). Indian IT Act 2000: legal recognition of electronic records, digital signatures. Section 43: computer damage. Section 66: hacking. Section 67: publishing obscene content. Section 72: breach of confidentiality.
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Copyright: automatic protection for creative works — books, music, art, software code, videos. No registration required (though it strengthens claims). Lasts: author's lifetime + 60 years (India). Protects expression, not ideas. Patent: registered protection for inventions — new processes, machines, compositions. Must apply, be examined, and granted. Lasts: 20 years. Protects the idea itself. Example: you can copyright your novel's text (others can write about the same topic) but patent a unique invention (others cannot make the same device without permission).
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