Computer networks connect devices to share resources and communicate. From your home Wi-Fi to the global internet, networks are the backbone of the digital world. Understanding network fundamentals is essential for modern computing.
By size: LAN (Local Area Network — single building), MAN (Metropolitan — city), WAN (Wide — countries, internet is largest WAN). By connection: wired (Ethernet cable) or wireless (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth). Topologies (layout): Star (all connect to central hub — most common), Bus (single cable, devices tap in), Ring (circular — each connects to two neighbours), Mesh (every device connects to every other — most reliable, most expensive). Hybrid: combination of topologies.
TCP/IP: the internet's standard protocol suite. IP: assigns addresses, routes packets. TCP: ensures reliable delivery, error checking. HTTP/HTTPS: web browsing (S = secure). FTP: file transfer. SMTP/IMAP: email. DNS: translates domain names to IP addresses (google.com → 142.250.x.x). IP address: IPv4 (32-bit, e.g., 192.168.1.1) or IPv6 (128-bit). Devices: Hub (broadcasts to all), Switch (sends to specific device — smarter), Router (connects different networks, assigns IPs), Modem (converts digital ↔ analog for ISP connection).
Switch: connects devices within the SAME network (LAN). Operates at Layer 2 (data link). Sends data to the specific device (not all devices) using MAC addresses. Example: connecting computers in a school lab. Router: connects DIFFERENT networks. Operates at Layer 3 (network). Routes data between networks using IP addresses. Assigns IP addresses (DHCP). Provides NAT, firewall. Example: connecting your home network to the internet. Your home router often includes a built-in switch and Wi-Fi access point.
Book a Trial + Diagnostic session. Get a personalized Learning Path with clear milestones, tutor match, and a plan recommendation — all within 24 hours.
Book Trial + Diagnostic →